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Verifiable AI Governance and Data Privacy Records
draft-reilly-aigov-00

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (individual)
Author Lawrence John Reilly Jr
Last updated 2026-08-16
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draft-reilly-aigov-00
Network Working Group                                       L. J. Reilly
Internet-Draft                        REM Technologies & Consulting, LLC
Intended status: Standards Track                          16 August 2026
Expires: 17 February 2027

           Verifiable AI Governance and Data Privacy Records
                         draft-reilly-aigov-00

Abstract

   Organizations deploying artificial intelligence systems are
   increasingly required to state which systems they operate, what data
   those systems process, on what authority, and under what human
   oversight.  Today these statements are produced as unverifiable self-
   assertions: spreadsheets, questionnaire responses, and policy
   documents that cannot be checked by a relying party and cannot be
   shown to have existed before an incident.

   This document defines an evidence layer for AI governance.  It
   specifies five record types (the AI System Record, the Governance
   Event Record, the Register Completeness Attestation, the Erasure
   Record, and the Selective Disclosure Response), a hash-linked append-
   only AI System Register that carries them, and verification
   procedures that let an auditor, a regulator, or a counterparty
   confirm what an operator asserted and when the assertion was made.

   The record format is built on salted per-field commitments so that a
   register can be published, audited, and retained for long periods
   without publishing the underlying data, and so that personal data can
   be erased while the integrity of the register survives.  This
   property is referred to here as Erasure-Compatible Permanence.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 17 February 2027.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2026 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Approach  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Relationship to Other Work  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.3.  Non-Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.  Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.1.  Roles and Trust Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.2.  Layering  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.3.  Register Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.  Field Commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.1.  Construction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     4.2.  Public Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   5.  The AI System Record  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     5.1.  Fields  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     5.2.  Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   6.  Governance Event Records  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   7.  Register Completeness Attestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   8.  Data Privacy Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     8.1.  Minimization Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     8.2.  Purpose Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     8.3.  Selective Disclosure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     8.4.  Erasure-Compatible Permanence . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     8.5.  Data Subject Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   9.  Linkage to Related Records  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     9.1.  Usage Preference Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     9.2.  Autonomous Agent Provenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     9.3.  Curation and Epistemic Autonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   10. Verification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   11. Permanence and Anchoring  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     11.1.  Hash Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21

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   12. Register Interface  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   13. Deployment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   14. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     14.1.  AI Governance Record Types Registry  . . . . . . . . . .  23
     14.2.  AI Governance Event Types Registry . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     14.3.  AI Governance Data Category Codes Registry . . . . . . .  23
     14.4.  Media Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   15. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     15.1.  Commitment Guessing on Low-Entropy Fields  . . . . . . .  25
     15.2.  Omission and Selective Registration  . . . . . . . . . .  25
     15.3.  Key Compromise and Rotation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     15.4.  Anchor Dependency  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     15.5.  Assurance Overreading  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   16. Privacy Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     16.1.  Design Posture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     16.2.  The Register Is About Systems, Not People  . . . . . . .  26
     16.3.  Metadata Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     16.4.  Relying Party Overreach  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     16.5.  Cross-Register Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   17. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   18. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     18.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     18.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   Appendix A.  Worked Example: Register Entry Through Erasure . . .  29
   Change Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30

1.  Introduction

   An organization that deploys artificial intelligence systems is now
   routinely asked four questions: which systems are in use, what data
   enters them, under what authority the processing occurs, and who is
   accountable for the outcome.  These questions arrive from regulators,
   from customers performing vendor diligence, from auditors, from
   insurers, and after an incident from litigants.

   The answers are almost always produced as prose.  An operator
   maintains an inventory in a spreadsheet, fills out a questionnaire,
   and signs a policy attestation.  Nothing in that workflow binds the
   answer to a point in time, and nothing prevents the inventory from
   being revised after the fact to describe the deployment the operator
   wishes it had made.  A relying party is asked to accept assertions
   that are, in the cryptographic sense, unverifiable.

   The gap is not a policy gap.  Policy frameworks describing what
   operators should record already exist and continue to multiply; see
   [NIST-AI-RMF], [ISO-42001], and [EU-AI-ACT].  The gap is an evidence
   gap.  There is no interoperable format for the record itself, no

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   mechanism that makes the record's time of creation checkable by a
   third party, and no way to disclose one field of a record to a
   regulator without disclosing the rest.

1.1.  Approach

   This document treats the governance inventory as a transparency
   problem rather than a documentation problem.  It specifies:

   *  an AI System Record (ASR), the registered description of one
      deployed system, with each field individually committed;

   *  a Governance Event Record (GER), which records a lifecycle event
      against a registered system: revision, evaluation, incident,
      suspension, or decommissioning;

   *  a Register Completeness Attestation (RCA), a periodic signed claim
      about the boundary of the register itself, which addresses the
      omission problem that inventories otherwise cannot speak to;

   *  an Erasure Record (ER), which documents the destruction of the
      opening material for a committed field and thereby renders the
      committed value permanently unopenable;

   *  a Selective Disclosure Response (SDR), which opens named fields to
      a named relying party without exposing the remainder of the
      record;

   *  an append-only, hash-linked AI System Register that carries these
      records, publishes a Register Head, and is anchored so that the
      head value at a given time can be corroborated independently of
      the operator.

   The design goal is narrow and worth stating plainly.  This document
   does not attempt to determine whether an AI deployment is lawful,
   safe, fair, or well governed.  It makes an operator's own statements
   about that deployment durable, time-bound, minimally disclosed, and
   checkable.  Assessment remains a human and institutional activity;
   this specifies the substrate that assessment can rely on.

1.2.  Relationship to Other Work

   This document composes several existing constructs rather than
   restating them:

   Preference compliance:  [I-D.reilly-aipref-compliance] defines the AI

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      Usage Compliance Record (AUCR), evidence that a stated usage
      preference was honored during acquisition.  An ASR references
      AUCRs to connect a registered system to the corpus provenance
      behind it (Section 9.1).

   Agent behavior provenance:  [I-D.reilly-cbpi] defines Reinforcement
      Event Records, the Operant Provenance Chain, and the Behavioral
      Drift Index for autonomous agents.  A registered system that is an
      autonomous agent references its provenance chain rather than
      duplicating it (Section 9.2).

   Human epistemic autonomy:  [I-D.reilly-cogsov] defines the Curation
      Disclosure Record and Sovereignty Fallback.  Where a registered
      system curates information presented to people, the ASR carries
      the disclosure and fallback posture as registered fields.

   Human and machine interface:  [I-D.reilly-mws] frames the division of
      labor between human and machine participants.  The oversight
      fields in Section 5.1 follow that framing.

   Record permanence:  [I-D.reilly-rem-protocol] defines dual-layer
      anchoring: an external timestamp layer plus an archival deposit
      layer.  Section 11 applies it to the Register Head.

   Audit-scale proofs:  [I-D.reilly-plants-bulk-subtree-proofs] defines
      bulk subtree consistency proofs, used in Section 10 so that an
      auditor examining thousands of records does not require a separate
      inclusion proof for each.

   Commitment-based accountancy:  [I-D.reilly-vsr] applies salted per-
      field commitments and selective disclosure to material accountancy
      under long retention horizons.  The commitment construction in
      Section 4 is the same construction applied to a different
      accountancy problem.

   The record format itself is a signed CBOR structure ([RFC8949],
   [RFC9052]) and is intended to be carriable as a SCITT signed
   statement where a transparency service is already deployed.

1.3.  Non-Goals

   *  This document does not define a risk taxonomy, a model evaluation
      methodology, or a conformity assessment procedure.

   *  This document does not define what an operator must register.
      Scope obligations come from law, contract, or internal policy;
      this defines how a registration is expressed and verified.

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   *  This document does not establish legal compliance with any statute
      or regulation.  Section 13 is informative only.

   *  This document does not specify per-inference logging.  A register
      is an inventory of systems and lifecycle events, not a request
      log.

2.  Conventions and Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   AI System:  A deployed configuration of one or more machine learning
      models, together with the software, data flows, and operating
      rules that place it in service for a stated purpose.  Two
      deployments of the same underlying model for different purposes
      are two AI Systems for the purposes of this document.

   Deploying Organization:  The entity accountable for the operation of
      an AI System, which maintains the register entries describing it.

   Register Operator:  The entity that operates the AI System Register.
      It MAY be the Deploying Organization itself, a group parent, or an
      independent service.

   AI System Register:  An append-only, hash-linked sequence of records
      describing AI Systems and events affecting them.

   Register Head:  The hash of the most recent register entry, together
      with the entry count and timestamp, signed by the Register
      Operator.

   Relying Party:  Any party that consumes register evidence: an
      auditor, a regulator, a customer performing diligence, a data
      protection officer, or a downstream integrator.

   Data Subject:  A natural person to whom personal data processed by a
      registered AI System relates.

   Field Commitment:  A salted hash of a single record field, computed
      as defined in Section 4, which conceals the field value while
      binding the operator to it.

   Opening Material:  The plaintext field value and its salt, which
      together allow a Relying Party to verify a Field Commitment.

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   Erasure-Compatible Permanence:  The property of a register in which
      the permanent, replicated, externally anchored artifacts contain
      no personal data in recoverable form, so that destruction of
      Opening Material removes the ability to recover a field value
      while leaving the register's integrity chain intact and
      verifiable.

   Register Completeness Attestation:  A periodic signed statement of
      the scope boundary the Register Operator claims the register
      covers, together with the discovery procedure used to detect
      systems within that boundary.

3.  Architecture

3.1.  Roles and Trust Model

   A Relying Party is not asked to trust the Deploying Organization's
   assertions.  It is asked to accept a much smaller claim: that a
   particular assertion existed, in a particular form, at a particular
   time, signed by a particular key.  Everything else the Relying Party
   may judge for itself.

   The trust assumptions are as follows:

   *  The Deploying Organization is trusted to describe its own systems.
      Registers cannot detect a determined liar; they can make the lie
      fixed in time and attributable.

   *  The Register Operator is trusted for availability but not for
      integrity.  Chain linkage, signatures, and external anchoring
      allow detection of retroactive modification.

   *  The anchoring layers are trusted only to the extent that they are
      independent of the Register Operator and of each other.

   *  No party is trusted to hold personal data on behalf of Relying
      Parties.  Personal data does not enter the register in recoverable
      form, as required by Section 8.1.

3.2.  Layering

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     +--------------------------------------------------------------+
     |  Assessment layer (out of scope)                             |
     |  auditors, regulators, DPOs, customers, insurers             |
     +--------------------------------------------------------------+
                 ^                     ^                    ^
                 | SDR                 | proofs             | RCA
     +--------------------------------------------------------------+
     |  Evidence layer (this document)                              |
     |    ASR   Governance Event Record   RCA   ER   SDR            |
     |    salted field commitments + COSE_Sign1                     |
     +--------------------------------------------------------------+
                 |                     |                    |
     +--------------------------------------------------------------+
     |  Register layer                                              |
     |    append-only hash-linked log, Register Head, subtree proofs|
     +--------------------------------------------------------------+
                 |                                          |
     +---------------------------+     +------------------------------+
     |  Timestamp layer          |     |  Archival layer              |
     |  external, independent    |     |  independent deposit,        |
     |  time attestation         |     |  long retention              |
     +---------------------------+     +------------------------------+
                 \___________  dual-layer anchoring  ___________/

                        Figure 1: Register layering

   The evidence layer and the register layer are normative here.  The
   assessment layer is deliberately out of scope.  The two anchoring
   layers are specified by reference (Section 11).

3.3.  Register Structure

   The register is a sequence of entries.  Entry 0 is the register
   genesis entry.  Each subsequent entry contains a sequence number, the
   hash of the preceding entry, the record it carries, and the Register
   Operator's signature over both.

   The Register Operator MUST NOT modify or delete a published entry.
   Corrections are made by appending a record of type system.revision
   that supersedes an earlier record; the superseded record remains in
   the chain.  Withdrawal of a record's readable content, where lawfully
   required, is performed by erasure of Opening Material as specified in
   Section 8.4, not by removal of the entry.

   The Register Operator MUST publish a Register Head at least daily
   while the register is active, and MUST publish a Register Head
   immediately following any entry that carries a record of type
   system.incident or system.suspension.

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4.  Field Commitments

   Every field of every record defined in this document is committed
   individually.  This is what makes selective disclosure and erasure
   possible; it is also the source of the guessing risk discussed in
   Section 15.1.

4.1.  Construction

   For each field with name n and canonical value v:

   1.  The operator generates a salt s of at least 128 bits from a
       cryptographically secure random source.  A salt MUST NOT be
       reused across fields, across records, or across register entries.

   2.  The operator computes the field commitment c = H(n || 0x00 ||
       s || 0x00 || v), where H is the register's hash function (SHA-256
       by default, [RFC6234]) and || denotes concatenation of byte
       strings.  The field name is included so that a commitment opened
       for one field cannot be replayed as the opening of another.

   3.  The commitments for all fields of the record are sorted by field
       name in byte order and placed at the leaves of a Merkle tree
       constructed as in [RFC9162].  The resulting root is the record's
       Field Commitment Root.

   The record published to the register carries the Field Commitment
   Root, the ordered list of field names, and the field commitments.  It
   does not carry salts or field values, except for fields explicitly
   marked as public in Section 5.1.

   Opening Material MUST be retained by the Deploying Organization under
   access control, and MUST NOT be published to the register, to an
   archival layer, or to any party other than through a Selective
   Disclosure Response.

4.2.  Public Fields

   Some fields are useless when concealed.  A register in which every
   field is hidden cannot be searched, indexed, or usefully summarized.
   A record therefore MAY publish a field in the clear by including it
   in the public map in addition to committing it.  A field MUST NOT be
   published in the clear if it contains personal data, and a Deploying
   Organization MUST evaluate that condition before publication rather
   than relying on a field's default classification.

   Field classifications given in Section 5.1 are defaults, not
   permissions.

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5.  The AI System Record

   An AI System Record describes one deployed AI System.  It is the
   foundational record type; every other record type in this document
   references an ASR.

5.1.  Fields

   system_id (MUST, public)
      Stable identifier for the system within the register.

   name (MUST, public)
      Human-readable name of the deployment.

   purpose (MUST, public)
      The stated purpose the system is deployed to serve.

   status (MUST, public)
      One of: evaluation, pilot, production, suspended, decommissioned.

   operator (MUST, public)
      Identifier of the Deploying Organization.

   accountable_role (MUST, committed)
      The organizational role accountable for the system.  See
      Section 16.2: this field identifies a role, not a named
      individual.

   model_identity (MUST, public)
      Provider, model family, and version or digest as known to the
      operator.

   hosting (MUST, public)
      One of: vendor_api, private_tenancy, self_hosted, on_device.

   data_categories (MUST, committed)
      Categories of data that enter the system, as codes from the
      registry in Section 14.3.

   personal_data (MUST, public)
      Boolean: whether any input, output, or telemetry constitutes
      personal data.

   special_categories (MUST, committed)
      Whether special or sensitive categories of personal data are
      involved, and which.

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   lawful_basis_ref (SHOULD, committed)
      Reference to the operator's recorded basis for the processing.  A
      reference, not the assessment itself.

   purpose_binding (MUST, committed)
      The mapping of data categories to permitted purposes.  See
      Section 8.2.

   retention (MUST, committed)
      Retention period applied to inputs, outputs, and telemetry.

   training_use (MUST, public)
      Whether inputs may be used to train or improve any model, by the
      operator or by the provider.

   subprocessors (SHOULD, committed)
      Downstream processors receiving data from the system.

   regions (SHOULD, committed)
      Processing and storage regions.

   oversight_mode (MUST, public)
      One of: human_in_loop, human_on_loop, autonomous_with_review,
      autonomous.  Follows the framing of [I-D.reilly-mws].

   autonomy_bounds (SHOULD, committed)
      Actions the system may take without human confirmation.

   curation_disclosure (MAY, public)
      Reference to a Curation Disclosure Record where the system curates
      information presented to people ([I-D.reilly-cogsov]).

   provenance_chain (MAY, public)
      Reference to an Operant Provenance Chain for autonomous agents
      ([I-D.reilly-cbpi]).

   usage_compliance (MAY, public)
      References to AI Usage Compliance Records
      ([I-D.reilly-aipref-compliance]).

   evaluations (SHOULD, committed)
      References to evaluations performed, with dates and digests of the
      reports.

   risk_class (SHOULD, public)
      The operator's own classification, with the scheme named.

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   registered_at (MUST, public)
      Time of first registration, as asserted by the operator.

   An implementation MUST reject an ASR that omits a field marked MUST.
   An implementation MUST accept unrecognized fields and MUST include
   them in commitment computation, so that vocabulary extension does not
   break verification.

   The risk_class field deserves a caution.  It records what the
   operator classified the system as, under a named scheme.  It does not
   record what the system is.  A register that is read as though the two
   were the same will mislead its readers.

5.2.  Example

   The following is a non-normative JSON rendering of an ASR.  The wire
   format is CBOR ([RFC8949]) wrapped in COSE_Sign1 ([RFC9052]); JSON is
   shown for readability.  Commitments are truncated for presentation.

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   {
     "type": "aigov.asr",
     "version": 1,
     "system_id": "asr:acme:support-triage-01",
     "registered_at": "2026-08-16T14:02:11Z",
     "public": {
       "name": "Customer support triage assistant",
       "purpose": "Classify inbound tickets and draft first replies",
       "status": "production",
       "operator": "acme-corp",
       "model_identity": "vendor-x/model-family/2026-05",
       "hosting": "private_tenancy",
       "personal_data": true,
       "training_use": false,
       "oversight_mode": "human_in_loop",
       "risk_class": {"scheme": "internal-v3", "value": "elevated"},
       "usage_compliance": ["aucr:acme:2026-06-19/8f21c0"]
     },
     "field_names": [
       "accountable_role", "autonomy_bounds", "data_categories",
       "evaluations", "lawful_basis_ref", "purpose_binding",
       "regions", "retention", "special_categories", "subprocessors"
     ],
     "field_commitments": [
       "9a3f...c012", "4b71...ee90", "0d55...a731", "77ac...12bf",
       "e109...5d4a", "2c6e...b088", "aa41...903c", "5f18...67d2",
       "b0d3...4e15", "38ff...c6a9"
     ],
     "field_commitment_root": "6e2b91d4...f07c",
     "prev_entry_hash": "1d90aa47...b3e8",
     "sequence": 4127
   }

   A reader of the register learns that a support triage system is in
   production, processes personal data, does not feed training, and runs
   with a human in the loop.  A reader does not learn which data
   categories, which subprocessors, or which regions.  Those become
   available to a specific Relying Party through a Selective Disclosure
   Response, and to nobody else.

6.  Governance Event Records

   A registry that records only initial state decays quickly.
   Governance Event Records carry the lifecycle.

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       +=======================+==================================+
       | Type                  | Meaning                          |
       +=======================+==================================+
       | system.registration   | First registration of an ASR.    |
       +-----------------------+----------------------------------+
       | system.revision       | A change to one or more          |
       |                       | registered fields, superseding   |
       |                       | an earlier record.               |
       +-----------------------+----------------------------------+
       | system.evaluation     | An evaluation was performed;     |
       |                       | carries the report digest and    |
       |                       | outcome.                         |
       +-----------------------+----------------------------------+
       | system.incident       | An event with actual or          |
       |                       | suspected adverse effect on      |
       |                       | people, data, or the operator.   |
       +-----------------------+----------------------------------+
       | system.suspension     | The system was taken out of      |
       |                       | service pending review.          |
       +-----------------------+----------------------------------+
       | system.resumption     | A suspended system returned to   |
       |                       | service.                         |
       +-----------------------+----------------------------------+
       | system.decommission   | The system was permanently       |
       |                       | withdrawn.                       |
       +-----------------------+----------------------------------+
       | data.subject_request  | A data subject request affecting |
       |                       | the system was received and      |
       |                       | resolved.  Carries no identifier |
       |                       | of the requester (Section 8.5).  |
       +-----------------------+----------------------------------+
       | data.erasure          | Opening Material was destroyed;  |
       |                       | see Section 8.4.                 |
       +-----------------------+----------------------------------+
       | register.completeness | A Register Completeness          |
       |                       | Attestation.                     |
       +-----------------------+----------------------------------+

                     Table 1: Governance event types

   Every GER MUST carry the system_id it concerns (except
   register.completeness, which concerns the register), the event type,
   the operator's asserted event time, and a field commitment root
   computed over its own fields as in Section 4.

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   A system.revision record MUST carry the field commitments for the
   changed fields only, and MUST reference the sequence number of the
   record it supersedes.  A verifier reconstructs current state by
   walking the chain forward from registration, applying revisions in
   order.

   Where a system.incident record concerns individuals, the record MUST
   describe the class and scale of effect and MUST NOT identify the
   affected individuals, whether in the clear or by commitment.  A
   commitment to a name is still a means of confirming a name to anyone
   who can guess it, and incident records are exactly where such
   confirmation does harm.

7.  Register Completeness Attestation

   Every inventory has the same weakness, and it is worth naming rather
   than designing around: an inventory proves what was written down.  It
   says nothing about what was left out.  The systems an organization
   most needs to know about are frequently the ones nobody registered.

   A Register Completeness Attestation does not solve this problem.  It
   makes an operator state a boundary and a method, so that omission
   becomes a checkable failure against the operator's own claim rather
   than an unstated gap.

   An RCA MUST contain:

   scope:  The boundary the operator claims the register covers: which
      legal entities, business units, environments, and procurement
      channels.

   discovery_method:  How systems within scope are detected.  For
      example: expense and vendor review, network egress inspection,
      identity provider application inventory, code repository scanning,
      or self-declaration only.

   discovery_period:  The interval covered by this attestation.

   known_gaps:  Areas within scope the operator knows are not covered by
      the discovery method.

   systems_registered:  Count of active registered systems at the time
      of attestation, and the Register Head the count refers to.

   attesting_role:  The accountable role making the attestation.

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   An RCA whose discovery_method is self-declaration only is a valid
   RCA.  It is also an honest signal, and Relying Parties SHOULD treat
   it as such.  The value of the field lies in the operator having had
   to write it down before an incident rather than after one.

   A Register Operator SHOULD publish an RCA at least quarterly.  A
   Register Operator MUST publish an RCA whenever the scope boundary
   changes.

8.  Data Privacy Constructs

8.1.  Minimization Requirements

   These requirements are the foundation of everything else in this
   section, and they are absolute.

   *  A record MUST NOT contain personal data in the clear.

   *  A record MUST NOT contain model inputs, model outputs, prompts,
      completions, or samples thereof, in the clear or by commitment.

   *  A record MUST NOT contain a direct identifier of a data subject,
      including by commitment.  Commitments conceal, but they also
      confirm; a committed identifier is an oracle for anyone holding a
      candidate value.

   *  A record MUST NOT record AI usage attributed to an identified or
      identifiable individual employee.  See Section 16.2.

   *  A record SHOULD refer to data categories, volumes, and classes
      rather than instances.

   A register that follows these rules can be published, mirrored,
   archived for decades, and handed to an adversary without disclosing a
   single data subject.  That is the intended posture.

8.2.  Purpose Binding

   The purpose_binding field maps each declared data category to the
   purposes for which it may be processed by the system, expressed as a
   list of pairs.  Its function is comparative: it fixes a claim at time
   T so that a later observation of processing outside the binding
   becomes a discrepancy against a signed prior statement rather than a
   matter of recollection.

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   A change to a purpose binding MUST be recorded as a system.revision
   before the changed processing begins.  An operator that revises a
   binding after the fact produces a register in which the revision
   timestamp postdates the anchored head that preceded it, which is
   precisely the condition an auditor is looking for.

   Purpose binding is a statement of intent under commitment.  It is not
   an enforcement mechanism, and this document does not claim that it
   constrains the running system.

8.3.  Selective Disclosure

   A Selective Disclosure Response opens named fields of a named record
   to a named Relying Party.  It MUST contain:

   1.  the system_id and sequence number of the record;

   2.  for each disclosed field: the field name, the plaintext value,
       and the salt;

   3.  the Merkle path from each disclosed field commitment to the Field
       Commitment Root;

   4.  the identifier of the Relying Party the response was issued to;

   5.  the issuance time and, if applicable, an expiry;

   6.  a signature by the Deploying Organization over all of the above.

   The Relying Party recomputes each commitment from the disclosed name,
   salt, and value; verifies the Merkle path to the Field Commitment
   Root; verifies that the root matches the record in the register; and
   verifies the record's inclusion in the register as described in
   Section 10.  A Relying Party MUST perform all four checks.  Verifying
   an opening without verifying register inclusion proves only that
   someone signed a value.

   Because the Relying Party identifier is inside the signed structure,
   a disclosure leaked onward is traceable to the party it was issued
   to.  Deploying Organizations SHOULD issue distinct SDRs per Relying
   Party even where the disclosed content is identical.

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8.4.  Erasure-Compatible Permanence

   Append-only registers and erasure obligations are usually presented
   as being in direct conflict.  They are in conflict when personal data
   is written into the append-only structure.  The construction here
   avoids the conflict by never placing recoverable personal data there
   in the first place.

   Erasure proceeds as follows:

   1.  The Deploying Organization destroys the Opening Material for the
       affected fields: the plaintext values and their salts, in all
       copies under its control, including backups, according to its
       documented destruction procedure.

   2.  The Deploying Organization appends an Erasure Record
       (data.erasure) naming the affected record sequence and field
       names, the erasure time, and the basis for the erasure.  The ER
       MUST NOT identify the requesting data subject.

   3.  The field commitment remains in the register.  It is now a hash
       of a value that no party can produce and a salt that no party
       holds.  It cannot be opened; it can still be verified as part of
       the Merkle tree and the chain.

   The result is that the register retains its integrity and its
   historical structure while the erased value becomes unrecoverable.
   The register can still demonstrate that a field existed at a point in
   time and that it has not been altered since.

   Three honest limitations apply, and implementers should not be
   allowed to overlook them:

   *  Erasure of Opening Material is effective only against parties that
      did not already hold the plaintext.  A Relying Party that received
      an SDR before the erasure retains what it received.  Contractual
      controls, not cryptography, govern that copy.

   *  A commitment to a low-entropy value remains guessable after
      erasure.  Where a field's value space is small, the commitment is
      not equivalent to deletion.  See Section 15.1.

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   *  Whether a residual salted commitment satisfies a given legal
      erasure obligation is a question of law, and the answer is not
      settled in any jurisdiction known to the author.  This document
      describes a technical property.  It does not assert a legal
      conclusion, and operators subject to erasure obligations should
      obtain advice specific to their jurisdiction rather than treating
      this construction as sufficient on its own.

   Given the third point, Deploying Organizations SHOULD prefer to keep
   fields likely to carry personal data out of the register entirely,
   referencing an internal system of record instead, and reserve
   committed fields for organizational facts.

8.5.  Data Subject Requests

   A data.subject_request record notes that a request of a given class
   was received and how it was resolved.  It MUST NOT identify the
   requester, MUST NOT carry a commitment to the requester's identity,
   and SHOULD aggregate where request volume is low enough that a single
   record would be identifying by timing alone.

   Where a data subject asks which AI systems process their data, the
   public portion of the register answers most of the question directly,
   without any per-subject disclosure: the systems, their purposes,
   their oversight modes, and their training use are already published.

9.  Linkage to Related Records

9.1.  Usage Preference Compliance

   Where a registered system was trained or tuned on acquired content,
   the usage_compliance field references AI Usage Compliance Records as
   defined in [I-D.reilly-aipref-compliance].  This connects the
   deployment side of governance to the acquisition side: a register
   entry can show not only what a system does, but that the corpus
   behind it was gathered under honored preferences.

   A Relying Party verifying an AUCR reference follows the verification
   procedure of that document.  This document adds no requirements to
   it.

9.2.  Autonomous Agent Provenance

   Where oversight_mode is autonomous_with_review or autonomous, the ASR
   SHOULD carry a provenance_chain reference to the system's Operant
   Provenance Chain ([I-D.reilly-cbpi]), and the operator SHOULD append
   a system.evaluation record when the Behavioral Drift Index crosses
   the threshold the operator has set.

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   The register records that a threshold exists and that it was crossed.
   The behavioral record itself stays where it belongs, in the
   provenance chain, and is not duplicated into the register.

9.3.  Curation and Epistemic Autonomy

   Where a registered system selects, ranks, filters, or summarizes
   information presented to people, the ASR SHOULD carry a
   curation_disclosure reference to a Curation Disclosure Record and
   SHOULD register whether a Sovereignty Fallback is offered
   ([I-D.reilly-cogsov]).  Registering the absence of a fallback is as
   informative as registering its presence.

10.  Verification

   A Relying Party verifies a claim about a registered system as
   follows:

   1.  *Signature.* Verify the COSE_Sign1 signature on the record
       against a key attributable to the Deploying Organization at the
       record's asserted time.

   2.  *Chain.* Verify that the record's prev_entry_hash matches the
       preceding entry and that the sequence numbers are contiguous
       across the range examined.

   3.  *Inclusion.* Verify that the entry is included in a Register Head
       the Relying Party holds.  When verifying many records at once, as
       an auditor typically does, use a bulk subtree consistency proof
       as defined in [I-D.reilly-plants-bulk-subtree-proofs] rather than
       an inclusion proof per record.

   4.  *Anchoring.* Verify that the Register Head, or a head that
       supersedes it, is attested by the timestamp layer and present in
       the archival layer (Section 11).  This is the step that makes the
       operator's asserted times checkable rather than self-reported.

   5.  *Opening.* For each disclosed field, recompute the commitment
       from name, salt, and value; verify the Merkle path to the Field
       Commitment Root; and verify that the root is the one in the
       verified record.

   6.  *Current state.* Walk revisions forward from registration to
       determine the state of the system at the time of interest.  A
       record read in isolation may have been superseded.

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   A verifier MUST report failure of any step rather than degrading to a
   partial result.  In particular, a verifier MUST NOT report a record
   as verified when step 4 could not be completed, since without
   anchoring the register's timeline rests entirely on the operator's
   own assertion.

11.  Permanence and Anchoring

   The Register Head is anchored using dual-layer anchoring as defined
   in [I-D.reilly-rem-protocol]: an external timestamp layer that
   establishes that a value existed before a point in time, and an
   archival deposit layer that establishes that the value remains
   retrievable independently of the Register Operator.  Neither layer
   alone is sufficient: a timestamp over a value nobody can retrieve
   proves little, and an archived value with no attested time proves
   less.

   Requirements:

   *  A Register Operator MUST anchor the Register Head to the timestamp
      layer at least daily while the register is active.

   *  A Register Operator MUST deposit the Register Head, and SHOULD
      deposit the full register content excluding Opening Material, to
      at least one archival layer that is operationally independent of
      the Register Operator.

   *  Anchoring artifacts MUST be retrievable by Relying Parties without
      credentials issued by the Register Operator.

11.1.  Hash Migration

   Governance records have long lives.  Retention obligations of ten
   years are ordinary and longer horizons are common, which is long
   enough that the register's hash function may weaken within the
   retention period.

   A Register Operator migrating to a new hash function MUST publish a
   bridging record that contains the final Register Head under the old
   function, the genesis entry of the continued register under the new
   function, and a signature over both, and MUST anchor the bridging
   record under both functions.  This follows the bridging construction
   of [I-D.reilly-vsr].  Verification across a migration boundary
   consists of verifying each side under its own function and the
   bridging record's signature over the junction.

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12.  Register Interface

   A Register Operator that exposes an HTTP interface SHOULD provide the
   following resources.  This section is RECOMMENDED, not required; the
   record formats above are independent of transport.

     +============================+=================================+
     | Resource                   | Returns                         |
     +============================+=================================+
     | /aigov/head                | Current signed Register Head.   |
     +----------------------------+---------------------------------+
     | /aigov/systems             | Public portions of active ASRs. |
     +----------------------------+---------------------------------+
     | /aigov/systems/{system_id} | Record history for one system.  |
     +----------------------------+---------------------------------+
     | /aigov/entries/{sequence}  | One register entry.             |
     +----------------------------+---------------------------------+
     | /aigov/proof               | Inclusion and bulk subtree      |
     |                            | proofs for a requested range.   |
     +----------------------------+---------------------------------+
     | /aigov/completeness        | Most recent and historical      |
     |                            | RCAs.                           |
     +----------------------------+---------------------------------+
     | /aigov/anchors             | Anchoring artifacts for         |
     |                            | published heads.                |
     +----------------------------+---------------------------------+

                      Table 2: Recommended resources

   Responses SHOULD use the media types registered in Section 14.4.  A
   public register MUST NOT expose Opening Material through any
   resource; SDR issuance is an authenticated, per-party operation and
   is out of scope for the public interface.

13.  Deployment Considerations

   This section is informative.  It illustrates how register records
   correspond to obligations that operators commonly face.  Nothing here
   establishes compliance with any instrument, and a register conforming
   to this document may still fall short of an operator's obligations.

   Inventory obligations:  The set of active ASRs is the inventory.  The
      RCA states what the inventory claims to cover.

   Records of processing:  The data_categories, purpose_binding,
      retention, subprocessors, and regions fields carry the processing
      description under commitment, disclosable field by field.

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   Risk management processes:  [NIST-AI-RMF] describes govern, map,
      measure, and manage functions.  Register records provide the
      artifacts those functions produce: registration and completeness
      for govern, ASR fields for map, evaluation records for measure,
      and incident, suspension, and revision records for manage.

   Management system evidence:  [ISO-42001] requires documented
      operational information under change control.  An append-only
      anchored register is change control with an external witness.

   Technical documentation and logging obligations:  [EU-AI-ACT] imposes
      documentation, record-keeping, and human oversight requirements on
      certain systems.  The oversight_mode, autonomy_bounds, and
      evaluations fields express the operator's position on these; the
      anchoring layer establishes when the position was taken.

   Operators should resist the temptation to treat the register as the
   governance program.  It is the evidence layer beneath one.

14.  IANA Considerations

14.1.  AI Governance Record Types Registry

   IANA is requested to create a registry named "AI Governance Record
   Types" with the registration policy Specification Required.  Each
   entry contains a type name, a brief description, and a reference.
   Initial contents: aigov.asr, aigov.ger, aigov.rca, aigov.er, and
   aigov.sdr, all with reference to this document.

14.2.  AI Governance Event Types Registry

   IANA is requested to create a registry named "AI Governance Event
   Types" with the registration policy Specification Required, whose
   initial contents are the event types listed in Table 1, with
   reference to this document.

14.3.  AI Governance Data Category Codes Registry

   IANA is requested to create a registry named "AI Governance Data
   Category Codes" with the registration policy Expert Review.  Initial
   contents:

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      +===================+========================================+
      | Code              | Description                            |
      +===================+========================================+
      | dc.public         | Data already lawfully public.          |
      +-------------------+----------------------------------------+
      | dc.internal       | Non-personal organizational data.      |
      +-------------------+----------------------------------------+
      | dc.customer       | Personal data relating to customers.   |
      +-------------------+----------------------------------------+
      | dc.employee       | Personal data relating to workers.     |
      +-------------------+----------------------------------------+
      | dc.health         | Health or medical data.                |
      +-------------------+----------------------------------------+
      | dc.financial      | Financial account or transaction data. |
      +-------------------+----------------------------------------+
      | dc.biometric      | Biometric identifiers or templates.    |
      +-------------------+----------------------------------------+
      | dc.location       | Precise location data.                 |
      +-------------------+----------------------------------------+
      | dc.communications | Contents of communications.            |
      +-------------------+----------------------------------------+
      | dc.minors         | Data relating to children.             |
      +-------------------+----------------------------------------+
      | dc.special        | Other categories treated as sensitive  |
      |                   | by applicable law.                     |
      +-------------------+----------------------------------------+

                   Table 3: Initial data category codes

   Designated experts should evaluate proposed additions for
   distinctness from existing codes and for the absence of identifying
   granularity: category codes describe classes of data, and a code
   narrow enough to identify individuals defeats the purpose of the
   field.

14.4.  Media Types

   IANA is requested to register the media types application/aigov-
   record+cbor and application/aigov-record+json in the Standards Tree,
   with this document as the specification and the author as the change
   controller.

15.  Security Considerations

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15.1.  Commitment Guessing on Low-Entropy Fields

   Salting defeats precomputation but not enumeration when the salt is
   known to the guessing party, and it does not conceal a value from
   someone who can obtain the salt.  More importantly, several fields in
   Section 5.1 draw from small value spaces: special_categories is
   nearly boolean in practice, and regions and subprocessors draw from
   enumerable sets.  An adversary who obtains a salt through an SDR for
   one field learns nothing about others, because salts are per-field
   and unique.  An adversary who obtains no salt cannot enumerate at
   all.

   The residual risk is therefore concentrated in SDR handling: a
   Relying Party that receives openings for many records accumulates a
   picture the register does not otherwise expose.  Deploying
   Organizations SHOULD scope SDRs narrowly and SHOULD apply expiry.

15.2.  Omission and Selective Registration

   An operator that never registers a system produces no evidence about
   it.  The RCA (Section 7) converts this from an invisible gap into a
   discrepancy against a signed scope claim, but it does not detect the
   omission.  Relying Parties SHOULD compare register contents against
   independent signals such as vendor spend, egress destinations, and
   identity provider application lists, and SHOULD treat a register
   whose discovery method is self-declaration only as weak evidence of
   completeness.

15.3.  Key Compromise and Rotation

   Compromise of a Deploying Organization's signing key permits forged
   records from the time of compromise forward, and permits backdated
   records that are nonetheless bounded by anchored heads: a forged
   record cannot be inserted before a head that already committed to a
   different chain state.  Operators MUST anchor frequently enough that
   the unanchorable window is short relative to the sensitivity of the
   register, and MUST record key rotations as register entries so that
   verifiers can select the correct key for a given time.

15.4.  Anchor Dependency

   An anchoring layer that is unavailable, discontinued, or in fact
   controlled by the Register Operator provides less assurance than it
   appears to.  Operators SHOULD use at least two mutually independent
   anchoring services per layer, and verifiers SHOULD treat correlated
   anchoring failure as a verification failure rather than a transient
   condition.

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15.5.  Assurance Overreading

   The most likely failure of this specification in practice is not
   cryptographic.  It is that a verified register is read as a governed
   deployment.  Verification establishes that an operator asserted
   something at a time and has not silently changed it.  It establishes
   nothing about the accuracy of the assertion, the quality of the
   system, or the adequacy of the oversight.  Implementations that
   render verification results SHOULD present them in those terms, and
   SHOULD NOT use language such as compliant, approved, or safe.

16.  Privacy Considerations

16.1.  Design Posture

   The register is designed to be publishable.  Personal data does not
   enter it in recoverable form (Section 8.1), openings are per-party
   and signed (Section 8.3), and erasure destroys opening capability
   without breaking integrity (Section 8.4).  The intended result is
   that publishing a register improves transparency about systems
   without creating a new exposure surface for the people those systems
   affect.

16.2.  The Register Is About Systems, Not People

   A governance inventory sits one small step away from a surveillance
   instrument.  An organization that begins by recording which AI
   systems it operates can slide, with no change in format and no
   obvious moment of decision, into recording which employees used which
   system when.

   Therefore: a record defined in this document MUST NOT record AI usage
   attributed to an identified or identifiable individual, and the
   accountable_role field MUST name a role rather than a person.  An
   implementation MUST NOT provide a field, extension, or convention for
   per-individual usage attribution.  Organizations with a genuine need
   to monitor individual usage have separate obligations of notice,
   basis, and proportionality, and MUST NOT discharge them by writing
   the data into a register whose entire design assumes it contains
   nothing of the kind.

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16.3.  Metadata Leakage

   Even a fully committed register leaks structure.  Entry timing
   reveals organizational activity; a burst of system.suspension records
   reveals an incident before any incident record is published; the
   count of registered systems reveals scale; commitment sizes reveal
   field presence.  Operators for whom this is material SHOULD batch
   entries on a fixed schedule and SHOULD pad optional fields to a
   uniform set rather than omitting them.

16.4.  Relying Party Overreach

   Selective disclosure makes it easy to request everything, since the
   marginal cost of an additional field is near zero for the requester
   and nonzero for the subject organization.  Relying Parties SHOULD
   request the minimum set of fields their purpose requires.  Deploying
   Organizations MAY record disclosure requests and their scope as
   register entries, which makes the pattern of requests as visible as
   the pattern of registrations.

16.5.  Cross-Register Correlation

   Where multiple organizations publish registers, references to shared
   model providers, subprocessors, and evaluation reports permit
   correlation across organizational boundaries.  This is largely a
   benefit for systemic-risk analysis; it is a disclosure risk for a
   small operator whose supply chain is identifying.  Small operators
   MAY commit rather than publish model_identity and hosting, accepting
   reduced register utility in exchange.

17.  Acknowledgements

   This work builds on the transparency log constructions of the
   Certificate Transparency community and on the SCITT working group's
   framing of signed statements and transparent registries.

18.  References

18.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC6234]  Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234, May 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.

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   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, May 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8949]  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
              Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949, December 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949>.

   [RFC9052]  Schaad, J., "CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE):
              Structures and Process", STD 96, RFC 9052, August 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9052>.

   [RFC9162]  Laurie, B., Messeri, E., and R. Stradling, "Certificate
              Transparency Version 2.0", RFC 9162, December 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9162>.

18.2.  Informative References

   [EU-AI-ACT]
              European Parliament and Council, "Regulation (EU)
              2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial
              intelligence", June 2024,
              <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj>.

   [I-D.reilly-aipref-compliance]
              Reilly, L. J., "Verifiable Compliance Records for AI Usage
              Preferences", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              reilly-aipref-compliance-00, 2026,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-reilly-aipref-
              compliance/>.

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Appendix A.  Worked Example: Register Entry Through Erasure

   This appendix is non-normative.  It follows one system through
   registration, revision, disclosure, and erasure.

   *Entry 4127, registration.* The operator registers the support triage
   assistant shown in Section 5.2.  Ten fields are committed; nine are
   public.  The head is anchored the same evening.

   *Entry 4390, revision.* The operator adds a subprocessor.  A
   system.revision record carries a new commitment for subprocessors and
   a new Field Commitment Root, and references sequence 4127.  Nothing
   in entry 4127 changes.

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   *Disclosure.* A customer's diligence team asks which regions process
   its data.  The operator issues an SDR opening regions and
   subprocessors only, naming the customer, expiring in ninety days.
   The customer verifies the openings, the Merkle paths, the record
   inclusion at head H, and the anchoring of H.  It learns two fields.
   It learns nothing about lawful basis, retention, or evaluation
   history.

   *Entry 5102, incident.* A misconfiguration exposes draft replies to
   the wrong tenant for four hours.  The operator appends a
   system.incident record describing the class and scale of effect, and
   a system.suspension record.  A head is published immediately, as
   required by Section 3.3.  The published head is what later makes the
   timeline non-negotiable.

   *Entry 5140, erasure.* A field committed during registration is found
   to contain a value that must be erased under an obligation the
   operator has determined applies.  The operator destroys the plaintext
   and salt, appends a data.erasure record naming sequence 4127 and the
   field name, and publishes a head.  The commitment remains at leaf
   position in the tree of entry 4127.  Entry 4127 still verifies.  The
   value is gone.

   A verifier arriving in 2034 can still confirm the chain from entry 0,
   confirm that entry 4127 was anchored before entry 5102, confirm that
   the erased field was present and unaltered, and confirm that it
   cannot be opened.  That combination is the point of the design.

Change Log

   draft-reilly-aigov-00: initial version.

Author's Address

   Lawrence John Reilly Jr.
   REM Technologies & Consulting, LLC
   Tampa, FL
   United States of America
   Email: lawrencejohnreilly@gmail.com

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